Plasmon
Plasma is a quantum of plasma oscillation. This oscillation
in a metal is a collective longitudinal excitation of the conduction electron
gas. When we pass an electron through a thin metallic film, it will excite a
Plasmon.
The charge of the electron couples with the electrostatic field
fluctuations of the plasma oscillations. The energy of Plasmon is equal to the
integral multiple of reflected electron loss of energy. The plasma energies are
calculated based on four valence electrons per atom.
Polaritons
The quantum of the coupled phonon-phonon transverse wave
field is called a polaritons. Longitudinal phonons do not couple to transverse
photons in the bulk of a crystal.
Polarons
In an insulator, the combination of the electron and its
strain field is known as a polaron. A more subtle effect of electron-phonon
interaction is the apparent increase in electron mass in polarons.
Excitons
We know that electrons and holes. The bound electron-hole pair
is called an exciton. Excitons can be formed in insulating crystals. An exciton can move through the crystal and
transport energy.
The absorption of photons is the creation of a bound
electron-hole pair. All excitons are unstable concerning the recombination
process. Excitons can form complexes, such as biexciton from two excitons.
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